COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PERCEIVED FLOOD RESILIENCE DIMENSIONS IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL IN RIZAL PROVINCE
Keywords:
Flood resilience, Public schools, Structural resilience, Functional continuity, Preparedness and management, Disaster risk reduction, School resilienceAbstract
Flooding remains one of the most frequent natural hazards affecting educational institutions in the Philippines, disrupting school operations, damaging infrastructure, and compromising the safety of students and school personnel. This study comparatively assessed the perceived dimensions of flood resilience of a selected public school in Rizal Province, focusing on Structural Resilience, Functional Continuity, and Preparedness and Management. A descriptive-comparative research design was employed involving 107 high school students selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a validated survey questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including the mean, median, standard deviation, and interquartile range. The Friedman Test and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test were used to determine significant differences among the three flood resilience dimensions. The findings revealed a generally satisfactory level of perceived flood resilience. Preparedness and Management received the highest median rating, indicating well-established disaster preparedness and management practices, while Functional Continuity received the lowest, highlighting the need to strengthen the school’s capacity to sustain educational operations during and after flood events. Significant differences were found among the three resilience dimensions, with Preparedness and Management differing significantly from both Structural Resilience and Functional Continuity. Based on the findings, a Recommendation Matrix and a Proposed Flood Resilience Action Plan were developed to support evidence-based decision-making and strengthen flood resilience in public schools. The study provides practical insights for the Department of Education, local government units, and school administrators in promoting resilient and sustainable learning environments.
References
Abregana, J. (2025). Enhancing the integration of DRRM education in the curriculum: A framework for disaster-resilient schools. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 44(9), 1273–1285.
Beyramijam, M., Khankeh, H. R., Farrokhi, M., Ebadi, A., Masoumi, G., & Aminizadeh, M. (2020). Disaster preparedness among emergency medical service providers: A systematic review protocol. Emergency Medicine International.
CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, November 13). Over 25,000 families in Rizal evacuated due to Ulysses.
Cresencio, M., & Yabut, E. (2023). Implementation of school disaster risk reduction in coastal schools: Basis for a plan of action. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 10(2), 270–277.
Daminar, N. L., & Cabonce, C. B. (2026). Extent of implementation of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (RA 10121) in the schools of Cabadbaran City, Philippines. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 18(1), Article 1991.
Dariagan, J., Atando, R., & Asis, J. L. B. (2021). Disaster preparedness of local governments in Panay Island, Philippines. Natural Hazards.
Dela Cruz, R. D., & Ormilla, R. C. G. (2022). Disaster risk reduction management implementation in the public elementary schools of the Department of Education, Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 4(2), 1–15.
Dela Peña, V. C. (2025). A structural equation model on the disaster readiness of public schools in SOCCSKSARGEN, Philippines. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(2), 4061–4068.
Department of Education. (2024). DepEd hails passage of law requiring evacuation centers in every LGU.
Domingo, S., & Manejar, A. (2018). Disaster preparedness and local governance in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
Fatma, S. K., Martínez-Vázquez, P., & Baniotopoulos, C. (2020). Sustainable structural intervention methodology for vulnerable buildings from a lifecycle perspective. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 410(1), Article 012051.
Geronimo, M. C., & Gonzaga, M. L. (2021). Exploring disaster mitigation and preparedness of rural communities. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 14(1).
Khalilullah, M., Carmichael, D. G., & Shen, X. (2023). Resilience and systems—A building structure case example. Buildings, 13(6).
Khankeh, H. R., Momtaz, Y. A., Saatchi, M. M., Khazaee, A., Naboureh, A., Mortazavi, M., & Ahmadi, S. (2022). A comprehensive review of the articles published in the field of health in emergencies and disasters in Iran. Pan African Medical Journal.
Lindawan, B. R. (2024). School resilience in the face of disaster risk: Awareness, challenges, and coping mechanism. Studies in Technology and Education, 3(3).
Macuha, R. (2023). Evaluating the physical vulnerability of public school buildings against flooding in Metro Manila, Philippines. ASEAN Engineering Journal, 13(2), 119–133.
Mutch, C. (2015). The role of schools in disaster preparedness, response and recovery: What can we learn from the literature? Pastoral Care in Education, 33(1), 5–22.
Philippine Daily Inquirer. (2020, January 15). 67 schools turned into evacuation centers.
Philippine Star. (2023, January 30). Why the Philippines needs to stop using schools as evacuation centers.
Polinar, S. M. M., & Gonzaga, M. V. A. (2023). Selected public school teachers' awareness and involvement in school-based disaster risk reduction management measures. Journal of Current Science and Research Review, 1(4).
Save the Children. (2017). Limiting and planning for schools as temporary evacuation centres in emergencies. Asia Pacific Coalition for School Safety.
Sarmiento, J. P., et al. (2024). A systematic framework for assessing social vulnerability to flood for integrated flood risk management: A case study in Metro Manila, Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 112, 104778.
Tiernan, A., Drennan, L., Nalau, J., Onyango, E., Morrissey, L., & Mackey, B. (2018). A review of themes in disaster resilience literature and international practice since 2012. Disaster Prevention and Management, 27(2), 137–152.
Tsioulou, A., Faure Walker, J., Lo, D. S., & Yore, R. (2021). A method for determining the suitability of schools as evacuation shelters and aid distribution hubs following disasters: Case study from Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Natural Hazards, 105, 1835–1859.
Verheul, M. L., & Dückers, M. L. (2020). Defining and operationalizing disaster preparedness in hospitals: A systematic literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 35(1), 61–68.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal for the Advancement of Sustainable Development Goals
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
License Statement
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
All articles published in the Journal for the Advancement of Sustainable Development Goals (JASDG) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Under this license, users are free to:
-
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format;
-
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use;
provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as the license terms are followed.
Authors retain copyright of their work while granting JASDG the right of first publication. The published work remains freely available to readers and may be used, distributed, reproduced, and adapted by others in accordance with the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.
For more information about this license, please visit:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Copyright Notice
Copyright © 2026 The Author(s).
Articles published in the Journal for the Advancement of Sustainable Development Goals (JASDG) are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, and adaptation in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are properly credited.
